Concepts of Metaheuristics

The neural networks can be classified based on direction of signal flow,training algorithms,activation functions,network topology etc. All the neural networks can be classified into Supervised,Unsupervised and Reinforcement Class based on the learning method i.e.,training procedures it has adopted.With respect to direction of signal flow such kind of models can be grouped into feed-forward and feedback sub-groups. Based on number of layers neural networks can be subdivided into Single,Multi-layer and Recurrent Neural Networks.

In ANN modeling a graph having input nodes connected to one single output nod is developed.Each node will have its own weight assigned randomly. At the output node all the weighted input nodes are summed up and activated or magnified with the help of Activation Functions. The Activation Functions can be of many types like Step,Ramp,Hypertan,Sinusoidal,Sigmoidal etc. After being activated the output is compared with the desired output(Supervised NN) or the median/mean or any other measures of a set of attributes(for making clusters;Unsupervised NN). If the output from the model is satisfactory with the objective of the model then the model is said to be learning and if not the weightage of the connections are changed and the entire process is repeated. This changing of the weightage is known as Training of the network and is conducted by various methods but mainly by Conjugate Gradient Descent,Back Propagaton and/or Quick Propagation or by some special procedures like Levenberg Marqua...

Types of Neural Networks :  There are two different types of neural network based on the learning mechanism - Supervised and Unsupervised Neural Networks where in case of the former a desired dataset is provided("teacher") with which the model predicted data is compared to find level of accuracy of the model.The Unsupervised neural network will try to identify the inherent properties(data mining) of the input dataset with the help of different unsupervised learning methods. Based on the signal transmission through the neural networks,neural network models can be divided into three distinct classes : Feed forward - where the signal is transmitted only in the forward direction(Input-Hidden-Output); Feedback - a feedback or error correction signal is transmitted back to the source so that deviation from the desired data is actuated and Recurrent - signal is transmitted both ways.Recurrent Neural Networks can use their internal memory to process a...

Category Other Output Type Information/Fact TAG ANN Type of Message * Message Cover Feature ANN or Artificial Neural Network can be defined as the parallel processing units which can mimic the nervous signal of the human being for processing of information signals. It use the weights of the input processing units to create a weighted average of all the inputs.Then applies an activation function after the signal has passed through a Threshold function . Entire procedure is repeated when there is multiple layers within the input and output.Every time the signal creates an output it is compared with the observed one to differentiate between the two(error). Once the error is identified the weights are changed and again the same process is repeated( training ). When the difference between the predicted and actual/available output is within the desired limit or number of train...

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PowerPoint 1.0 was actually derived from a product called Presenter that was developed by Forethought Inc.(Bob Gaskins and Dennis Austin) in early 1987. Presenter was built for Macintosh II computers with special graphics cards (supporting a whopping 236 colors). It was arguably the first personal computer program directed at creating presentation slides. (Up to this point, graphical slide design was largely the domain of large service bureaus like Genigraphics, which charged $240 an hour for time on its $50,000 computer-design stations.) Microsoft purchased Presenter in August of the same year for $14 million, a huge sum at the time, but probably one of smartest checks Bill Gates ever cut.( Stevenson Consulting ). PowerPoint will celebrate its 20th birth day in this year of 2007. 1987,September : PowerPoint 1.0 for Mac and DOS was released. Windows had not been invented yet. 1988 : Version 2. Developed jointly by Microsoft and GeniGraphics.The later also offer a slide printing servi...